As the recent events in Paris so tragically demonstrate, we continue to face ongoing threats in an uncertain world. Active shooter events, the use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and the threat of complex attacks like those seen in Beslan, Russia; Mumbai, India; and now, Paris, France must be considered as at least plausible, if not probable.
A pre-planned, integrated response by all first responder disciplines is required in order to maximize effectiveness and improve the survivability of those injured in such attacks. Some of the considered actions may seem contrary to those responders indoctrinated in the time-honored doctrine of “scene safety trumps all”. The truth is that the first responder community now has decades of response and trauma data to be used as the foundation for evidence-based best practices.
Many communities have already established integrated response programs, and there is no reason for any jurisdiction to “reinvent the wheel” from scratch. While there is no “one-size fits all” solution to the challenge of integrated response, there are already model communities of different sizes and compositions. From rural to urban, volunteer to paid, and everything in between – somewhere, in a system a lot like yours, someone has already done much of the ground work. And the benefits of integrated response extend well beyond those realized during the rare terror attack. Relationships between police, fire, and EMS agencies that are formed (and enhanced) during pre-planning and training will pay great dividends during all requests for service from routine calls to natural disasters.
Below are just some of the many resources that already exist to help guide those communities who have decided to pursue a more prepared community through integrated response.
Integrated response (culture change):
First Responder Guide for Improving Survivability in Improvised Explosive Device and/or Active Shooter Incidents
http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/First%20Responder%20...
Fire/Emergency Medical Services Department Operational Considerations and Guide for Active Shooter and Mass Casualty Incidents
https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/active_shooter_guid...
Improving Active Shooter/Hostile Event Response: Best Practices and Recommendations for Integrating Law Enforcement, Fire, and EMS (Includes a list of technical experts who may provide best practices)
http://www.interagencyboard.org/sites/default/files/publications/Externa...
A Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States Between 2000 and 2013
https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2014/september/fbi-releases-study-on-ac...
Active Shooter Study: Quick Reference Guide
https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/office-of-partner-engagement/active-shooter...
Hemorrhage Control (Early care saves lives)
See Something, Do Something: Improving Survival – Strategies to Enhance Survival in Active Shooter and Intentional Mass Casualty Events: A Compendium
https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/publications/bulletin/hartford%20cons...
An Evidence-Based Prehospital Guideline for External Hemorrhage Control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma
https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/quality%20programs/trauma/education/a...
Tourniquet and Hemostatic Gauze Training (includes CoTCCC equipment recommendations)
http://www.naemt.org/docs/default-source/education-documents/tccc/tccc--...
Prevailing Response Models and Concepts:
Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training
http://alerrt.org/About
Rescue Task Force
http://www.jems.com/articles/print/volume-34/issue-12/major-incidents/ar...
Tactical Emergency Casualty Care
http://www.c-tecc.org/guidelines
Improving Active Shooter/Hostile Event Response: Best Practices and Recommendations for Integrating Law Enforcement, Fire, and EMS
http://www.interagencyboard.org/sites/default/files/publications/Externa...
Tactical Combat Casualty Care
http://www.naemt.org/education/TCCC/guidelines_curriculum
Bystander Preparedness and Response:
Stop the Bleed (DHS)
http://www.dhs.gov/stopthebleed
Stop the Bleed (DoD)
https://ccc.amedd.army.mil/Pages/Stop_the_Bleed.aspx
Bleeding Control for the Injured (B-Con)
http://www.naemt.org/education/B-Con/B-Con.aspx
Ready.gov
http://www.ready.gov/
Grant opportunities:
Purchase of Ballistic Protective Equipment (BPE) for Fire and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Personnel in Support of Active Shooter and Mass Casualty Incidents (AS/MCIs)
http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1397670702568-81e1374a13f98ee5946...
U.S. Department of Justice Bulletproof Vest Partnership
http://ojp.gov/bvpbasi/
Other Resources:
Federal Bureau of Investigation – Active Shooter Incidents
https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/office-of-partner-engagement/active-shooter...
NAEMT Courses – B-Con/LEFR-TCC/TCCC/TECC
http://www.naemt.org/education.aspx
E912: Preparing Communities for a Complex Coordinated Attack – IEMC: Community Specific
http://training.fema.gov/emicourses/crsdetail.aspx?cid=E912&ctype=R
To view the full DHS OHA one pager, please click here: http://www.interagencyboard.org/system/files/resources/Active%20Shooter%...